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## 10 Questions You Should Know about p.
1. What is p?
2. What is the significance of p in statistics?
3. How is p value calculated?
4. What does a p value less than 0.05 mean?
5. What does a p value greater than 0.05 indicate?
6. Why is it important to pay attention to p values in research?
7. Can p values be used to prove a hypothesis?
8. How do researchers determine the significance level for p values?
9. What are the limitations of p values?
10. How should p values be interpreted in research?
## Answers.
1. **What is p?**.
- In statistics, p is a measure that helps determine the significance of results. It indicates the probability that the observed data would occur if a null hypothesis is true.
2. **What is the significance of p in statistics?**.
- P values are important in statistics as they provide a way to determine whether the results obtained are statistically significant or occurred due to random chance.
3. **How is p value calculated?**.
- The p value is calculated by comparing the observed data with what would be expected under the null hypothesis. It is typically determined using statistical software or tables.
4. **What does a p value less than 0.05 mean?**.
- A p value less than 0.05 indicates that the results are statistically significant. In other words, there is less than a 5% chance that the observed data occurred by random chance.
5. **What does a p value greater than 0.05 indicate?**.
- A p value greater than 0.05 suggests that the results are not statistically significant. It indicates that there is a higher chance that the observed data occurred by random chance.
6. **Why is it important to pay attention to p values in research?**.
- Paying attention to p values is crucial in research as it helps researchers determine the reliability and validity of their findings. It allows for proper interpretation of results and provides a basis for decision making.
7. **Can p values be used to prove a hypothesis?**.
- P values alone cannot prove a hypothesis. They can only provide evidence to support or reject a hypothesis based on statistical significance.
8. **How do researchers determine the significance level for p values?**.
- Researchers typically set a significance level (alpha) before conducting the study. Common levels include 0.05 or 0.01, where p values lower than the chosen level indicate significance.
9. **What are the limitations of p values?**.
- P values do not provide information on effect size or the practical importance of results. They also do not indicate the probability of the null hypothesis being true.
10. **How should p values be interpreted in research?**.
- P values should be interpreted cautiously, taking into account the context of the study and other factors. They should be used as a guide along with effect size and confidence intervals to draw valid conclusions.
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